Ingram topped Glamorgan's averages in the County Championship, scoring three centuries in a haul of 596 runs at 66.22, as well as finishing as their leading run-scorer in the Royal London Cup. He is also the club's all-time leading scorer in T20 cricket, having first signed in 2015 as a Kolpak player.
As part of his new deal, Ingram will continue his role in mentoring the club's young batters and coaching on the Glamorgan pathway.
"I'm thrilled to have signed this new deal with Glamorgan," Ingram said. "I really enjoyed my cricket this season and returning to the red-ball arena where I probably had my best ever year for the club.
"We came very close to promotion and next year I want to help us realise that goal and hopefully win the Vitality Blast, which remains one of my main targets in cricket.
"Wales is home and I can't wait to play for the club for another two years and continue to work with the next generation of Welsh cricketers."
Glamorgan were in contention to go up from Division Two of the Championship until the final round of games, although they failed to defend their Royal London Cup title and finished sixth in the South Group of the Blast.
Glamorgan's director of cricket, Mark Wallace, said: "Colin was in extraordinary form this season and looked like he was playing better than ever. We know he is a brilliant white-ball player but seeing him put in those County Championship performances after a few years away from red-ball cricket was fantastic.
"He brings so much experience to the squad which our players can feed off, and it's fantastic that our young players can also tap into his knowledge as he continues to coach on our pathway.
"We now have three world-class overseas players to pick from which gives us plenty of options heading into next year."